I te wā o te pakanga, i whānau mai te rūma ma i te umanga hōia. I ngā tau 1920, i whakaurua tuatahitia e te Hononga o Amerika te whakaritenga mō tētahi taiao whakaputa ma i te wā o te tukanga hanga gyroscope i roto i te umanga rererangi. Hei whakakore i te paru puehu i te rangi o ngā taputapu me ngā peera o ngā waka rererangi, i whakatūria e rātou he "wāhi huihuinga whakahaere" i roto i ngā awheawhe hanga me ngā taiwhanga, me te wehe i te tukanga huihuinga peera mai i ētahi atu wāhi whakaputa me te whakahaere, me te whakarato tonu i te hau tātari. I te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, i whakawhanakehia ngā hangarau rūma ma pēnei i ngā tātari hepa hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te pakanga. I whakamahia tuatahitia ēnei hangarau i roto i te rangahau whakamātautau hōia me te tukatuka hua hei whakatutuki i te tika, te whakaitiiti, te parakore teitei, te kounga teitei, me te pono teitei. I ngā tau 1950, i te Pakanga o Korea, i tūtaki te ope taua o Amerika ki ngā pakaru whānui o ngā taputapu hiko. Neke atu i te 80% o ngā radar i pakaru, tata ki te 50% o ngā tūnga waiorooro i pakaru, ā, 70% o ngā taputapu hiko a te Ope Taua i pakaru. Neke atu i te rua ngā utu tiaki ā-tau i te utu taketake nā te ngoikore o te pono o ngā wāhanga me te kounga koretake. I te mutunga, i kitea e te ope taua o Amerika ko te puehu me ngā taiao wheketere poke te take matua, ā, i iti ai te hua o ngā wāhanga. Ahakoa ngā mahi pakari hei kati i ngā awheawhe whakaputa, i whakatauhia te nuinga o te raruraru. Nā te whakaurunga o ngā tātari hau hepa ki roto i ēnei awheawhe i whakatau te take, ā, koinei te whānautanga o te rūma ma hou.
I ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 1950, i hangaia e te US ngā tātari hau hepa, ā, koinei te putanga nui tuatahi o te hangarau rūma ma. Nā tēnei i taea ai te whakatū i te maha o ngā rūma ma ahumahi i roto i ngā rāngai hanga hōia me te amiorangi o te US, ā, i muri mai, ko te whakamahinga whānui o ēnei tātari i roto i te hanga taputapu rererangi me te whakatere moana, ngā ine tere, ngā gyroscope, me ngā taputapu hiko. I te tere haere o te hangarau rūma ma i te US, ka tīmata hoki ngā whenua whakawhanake o te ao ki te rangahau me te whakamahi. E kīia ana i kitea e tētahi kamupene pere o te US i te wā e huihui ana i ngā gyroscope ārahi inertial i roto i te awheawhe Purdy, e hiahiatia ana te mahi anō i te toharite o te 120 ngā wā mō ia 10 waeine i hangaia. I te wā i whakahaerehia ai te huihuinga i roto i tētahi taiao e whakahaeretia ana te parahanga puehu, ka whakaitihia te tere mahi anō ki te rua noa iho. Mā te whakataurite i ngā peera gyroscope i huihuia i te 1200 rpm i roto i tētahi taiao kore puehu me tētahi taiao puehu (me te diameter matūriki toharite o te 3μm me te maha o ngā matūriki o te 1000 pc/m³) i kitea he rerekētanga 100-ngā wā i roto i te roanga o te ora o te hua. I whakaatuhia e ēnei wheako whakaputa te hiranga me te akiaki o te purenga hau i roto i te umanga hōia, ā, i noho hei kaha akiaki mō te whanaketanga o te hangarau hau ma i taua wā.
Mā te whakamahi i te hangarau hau ma i roto i te ope taua ka whakapai ake i te mahi me te roa o te ora o ngā patu. Mā te whakahaere i te ma o te hau, te ihirangi moroiti, me ētahi atu poke, ka whakaratohia e te hangarau hau ma he taiao whakahaere pai mō ngā patu, e whakarite ana i te hua o te hua, e whakapai ake ana i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa, e tiaki ana i te hauora o ngā kaimahi, me te whai i ngā ture. Hei tāpiri, he whānuitia te whakamahinga o te hangarau hau ma i roto i ngā whare me ngā taiwhanga hōia hei whakarite i te whakahaere tika o ngā taputapu me ngā taputapu tika.
Kei te whakaohooho te pakarutanga o te pakanga ā-ao i te whanaketanga o te umanga hōia. E hiahia ana tēnei umanga e tere tipu haere ana ki tētahi taiao whakaputa kounga teitei, ahakoa mō te whakapai ake i te parakore o ngā rauemi mata, te tukatuka me te huihui i ngā wāhanga, te whakarei ake rānei i te pono me te roa o te mahi o ngā wāhanga me ngā taputapu katoa. Kei te piki ake ngā whakaritenga mō te mahi hua, pērā i te whakaitiiti, te tino tika, te tino parakore, te kounga teitei, me te tino pono. Hei tāpiri, ko te matatau haere o te hangarau whakaputa, ko te teitei ake o ngā whakaritenga mō te horoi mō te taiao whakaputa.
Ko te hangarau ruma ma e whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i te rāngai hōia i roto i te hanga me te tiaki i ngā waka rererangi, ngā kaipuke pakanga, ngā pere, me ngā patu karihi, tae atu ki te whakamahinga me te tiaki i ngā taputapu hiko i te wā o te pakanga. Mā te hangarau ruma ma ka whakarite kia tika te hanga o ngā taputapu hōia me te parakore o te taiao whakaputa mā te whakahaere i ngā poke rererangi pērā i te matūriki, te hau kino, me ngā moroiti, ā, mā reira ka whakapai ake i te mahi me te pono o ngā taputapu.
Ko ngā tono rūma ma i roto i te rāngai hōia ko te miihini tika, te hanga taputapu hiko, me te rererangi. I roto i te miihini tika, ka whakaratohia e te rūma ma he taiao mahi kore puehu me te parakore, e whakarite ana i te tika me te kounga o ngā wāhanga miihini. Hei tauira, i hiahiatia e te kaupapa taunga ki te marama o Apollo he taumata horoi tino teitei mō ngā taputapu miihini tika me ngā taputapu whakahaere hiko, i reira he mahi nui te hangarau rūma ma. I roto i te hanga taputapu hiko, ka whakaitihia e te rūma ma te tere rahunga o ngā wāhanga hiko. He mea nui hoki te hangarau rūma ma i roto i te umanga rererangi. I roto i ngā misioni taunga ki te marama o Apollo, ehara i te mea ko ngā taputapu miihini tika me ngā taputapu whakahaere hiko anake i hiahiatia he taiao tino ma, engari ko ngā ipu me ngā taputapu i whakamahia hei whakahoki mai i ngā toka o te marama me tutuki hoki i ngā paerewa horoi tino teitei. Nā tēnei i hua ake ai te whanaketanga o te hangarau rere laminar me te rūma ma Akomanga 100. I roto i te hanga waka rererangi, kaipuke pakanga, me ngā pere, ka whakarite hoki te rūma ma i te hanga waahanga tika me te whakaiti i ngā rahunga e pā ana ki te puehu.
E whakamahia ana hoki te hangarau rūma ma i roto i te rongoā hōia, te rangahau pūtaiao, me ētahi atu mara hei whakarite i te tika me te haumaru o ngā taputapu me ngā whakamātautau i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino kino. I te whanaketanga hangarau, kei te whakapai tonuhia ngā paerewa me ngā taputapu rūma ma, ā, kei te whānui haere te whakamahinga i roto i te ope taua.
I roto i te hanga me te tiaki i ngā patu karihi, ka āraihia e ngā taiao ma te horapa o ngā rauemi irahiko, ā, ka whakarite hoki i te haumaru o te hanga. Te tiaki i ngā taputapu hiko: I roto i ngā taiao whawhai, ka whakamahia te rūma ma hei tiaki i ngā taputapu hiko, hei ārai i te puehu me te makuku kei pā ki tana mahi. Te hanga taputapu hauora: I roto i te mara hauora hōia, ka whakarite te rūma ma i te parakore o ngā taputapu hauora, me te whakapai ake i tōna haumaru.
Ko ngā pere ā-whenua, hei wāhanga nui o ngā ope rautaki a te motu, ko tā rātou mahi me te pono e pā tika ana ki te haumarutanga ā-motu me ngā kaha ārai. Nō reira, ko te whakahaere i te horoi he taahiraa nui i roto i te hanga me te hanga pere. Ka taea e te horoi koretake te arahi ki te poke o ngā wāhanga pere, ka pā ki te tika, te pumau, me te roa o te ora. He mea tino nui te horoi nui mō ngā wāhanga matua pēnei i ngā miihini pere me ngā pūnaha arataki, kia mau ai te mahi pere. Hei whakarite i te horoi o ngā pere ā-whenua, ka whakatinanahia e ngā kaihanga he raupapa o ngā mahi whakahaere horoi pakari, tae atu ki te whakamahi i te rūma ma, ngā paepae ma, ngā kākahu rūma ma, me te horoi me te whakamātautau auau i te taiao whakaputa.
Ka whakarōpūtia te rūma ma i runga i te taumata o te ma, ā, ko ngā taumata iti ake e tohu ana i ngā taumata ma teitei ake. Ko ngā momo rūma ma noa ko: Rūma ma Akomanga 100, e whakamahia ana i ngā taiao e hiahia ana kia tino ma, pērā i ngā taiwhanga koiora. Rūma ma Akomanga 1000, e tika ana mō ngā taiao e hiahia ana kia tino tika te patuiro me te whakaputa i te wā e whakawhanake ana i ngā pere ā-ao; Rūma ma Akomanga 10000, e whakamahia ana i ngā taiao whakaputa e hiahia ana kia tino ma, pērā i te huihuinga o ngā taputapu waipēhi, hau rānei. Rūma ma Akomanga 10000, e tika ana mō te whakaputa taputapu tino tika.
Ko te whanaketanga o te ICBM me whai rūma ma te Akomanga 1000. He mea nui te ma o te hau i te wā e whakawhanake ana me te hanga i ngā ICBM, inā koa i te wā e whakatūria ana me te hanga i ngā taputapu tino tika, pērā i te hanga laser me te maramara, e hiahiatia ana he taiao tino ma te Akomanga 10000, Akomanga 1000 rānei. Me whai taputapu rūma ma hoki te whanaketanga o te ICBM, he mahi nui tēnei, inā koa i roto i ngā wāhanga o te wahie kaha-teitei, ngā rauemi hiato, me te hanga tino tika. Tuatahi, ko te wahie kaha-teitei e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā ICBM e whakatakoto ana i ngā whakaritenga tino kaha mō te taiao ma. Ko te whanaketanga o ngā wahie kaha-teitei pērā i te wahie totoka NEPE (NEPE, he whakarāpopototanga mō te Nitrate Ester Plasticized Polyether Propellant), he wahie totoka kaha-teitei e tino rongonui ana me te nekehanga motuhake ariā o te 2685 N·s/kg (he rite ki te 274 hēkona whakamiharo). I tīmata tēnei pūwero hurihuri i te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1970, ā, i whakawhanakehia marietia e te Hercules Corporation i te United States. I te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1980, i puta mai hei pūwero totoka nitramine hou. Nā tōna kaha pūngao tino nui, i riro ko ia te pūwero totoka tino kaha te kaha i roto i te rekoata tūmatanui mō te whakamahinga whānui puta noa i te ao.) me tino whakahaere i te ma o te taiao whakaputa hei ārai i ngā poke kei pā ki te mahi wahie. Me whakauru te rūma ma ki ngā pūnaha tātari me te maimoatanga hau whai hua, tae atu ki ngā tātari hau hepa (HEPA) me ngā tātari hau ultra-hepa (ULPA), hei tango i ngā matūriki hau, ngā moroiti, me ngā matū kino. Me pupuri e ngā pā hau me ngā pūnaha hauhautanga te pāmahana, te haumākū, me te rere o te hau e tika ana kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga whakaputa i te kounga o te hau. He tino nui ngā tono a tēnei momo wahie ki te hoahoa āhua witi (ko te hoahoa āhua witi te take matua i roto i te hoahoa miihini rōkete totoka, e pā tika ana ki te mahi me te pono o te miihini. Me whai whakaaro te āhua witi me te kōwhiringa rahi ki ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te wā whakahaere miihini, te pēhanga rūma mura, me te pana) me ngā tukanga maka. Ka whakarite te taiao ma i te pumau me te haumaru o te wahie.
Tuarua, me whai taputapu ma hoki ngā anga hiato o ngā pere rererangi ā-ao. Ina whatua ngā rauemi hiato pēnei i te muka waro me te muka aramid ki roto i te anga miihini, me whai taputapu me ngā tukanga motuhake hei whakarite i te kaha me te mama o te rauemi. Ka whakaitihia e te taiao ma te poke i te wā o te tukanga hanga, kia kore ai e pāngia te mahi a te rauemi. Hei tāpiri, me whai taputapu ma hoki te tukanga hanga tika o ngā pere rererangi ā-ao. Ko ngā pūnaha ārahi, whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me ngā pūnaha whakatere i roto i ngā pere rererangi me whai hanga me te huihuinga i roto i te taiao tino ma hei ārai i te puehu me ngā poke kei pā ki te mahi a te pūnaha.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, he mea nui ngā taputapu ma i roto i te whanaketanga o ngā pere rererangi ā-ao. Mā tēnei ka whakarite i te mahi me te haumaru o te wahie, ngā rauemi, me ngā pūnaha, ā, ka whakapai ake i te pono me te whai huatanga o te pere katoa.
Kei tua atu i te whanaketanga o ngā pere te whakamahinga o ngā mahi rūma ma, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana hoki i roto i ngā mahi hōia, te rererangi, ngā taiwhanga koiora, te hanga maramara, te hanga whakaaturanga papatahi, me ētahi atu mara. Nā te puta tonu mai o ngā hangarau hou i roto i te pūtaiao rorohiko, te koiora, me te matū koiora, me te tere o te whanaketanga o ngā ahumahi hangarau teitei, kua whānuitia te whakamahinga o te umanga miihini rūma ma o te ao, ā, kua mōhiotia whānuitia hoki i te ao. Ahakoa he wero kei te pā ki te umanga rūma ma, he maha ngā whai wāhitanga. Ko te angitu i roto i tēnei umanga kei te whai tonu i ngā whanaketanga hangarau me te aro wawe ki ngā huringa o te mākete.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-25-2025