Me tutuki i te rūma ma o te kai te paerewa horoi hau o te akomanga 100,000. Mā te hanganga o te rūma ma o te kai ka taea te whakaiti i te pirau me te tipu o te harore o ngā hua e hangaia ana, te whakaroa i te roa o te ora o te kai, me te whakapai ake i te pai o te whakaputa.
1. He aha te rūma ma?
Ko te rūma ma, e kiia ana hoki ko te rūma ma kore puehu, e pā ana ki te tango i ngā matūriki, te hau kino, te huakita me ētahi atu poke i roto i te hau i roto i tētahi wāhi, ā, ka whakahaerehia te pāmahana o roto, te ma, te pēhanga o roto, te tere me te tohatoha o te hau, te haruru, te wiri, te rama, me te hiko pateko i roto i tētahi whānuitanga o ngā whakaritenga, ā, ka whakaratohia he rūma i hangaia motuhaketia. Ara, ahakoa te rerekētanga o te hau o waho, ka taea e ōna āhuatanga o roto te pupuri i ngā whakaritenga taketake o te ma, te pāmahana, te haumākū me te pēhanga.
He aha te rūma ma o te akomanga 100000? Ki te kī māmā noa iho, ko te maha o ngā matūriki he ≥0.5 μm te whānui mō ia mita pūtoru o te hau i roto i te awheawhe, kāore e neke atu i te 3.52 miriona. Ko te iti o ngā matūriki i roto i te hau, ko te iti ake o te puehu me ngā moroiti, ā, ko te ma ake o te hau. Me whakawhiti hau te awheawhe i roto i te rūma ma o te akomanga 100000 i ngā wā 15-19 i te hāora, ā, kaua e neke atu i te 40 meneti te roa o te wā purenga hau i muri i te whakawhiti hau katoa.
2. Te wehewehenga rohe o te kai me te rūma ma
Ko te tikanga, ka taea te wehewehe i te rūma horoi kai kia toru ngā wāhanga: te rohe whakaputa whānui, te rohe horoi āwhina, me te rohe whakaputa ma.
(1). Rohe whakaputa whānui (rohe kore-ma): rauemi mata whānui, hua kua oti, wāhi rokiroki taputapu, wāhi whakawhiti hua kua oti te tākai me ētahi atu wāhi he iti te mōrearea o ngā rauemi mata me ngā hua kua oti, pērā i te rūma tākai o waho, te whare putunga rauemi mata me te āwhina, te whare putunga rauemi tākai, te rūma tākai o waho, me ētahi atu. Awheawhe tākai, whare putunga hua kua oti, me ētahi atu.
(2). Wāhi horoi āwhina: Ko ngā whakaritenga tuarua ko te tukatuka rauemi mata, te tukatuka rauemi tākai, te tākai, te rūma ārai (rūma wetewete), te rūma whakaputa me te tukatuka whānui, te rūma tākai o roto mō ngā kai kāore i te rite ki te kai me ētahi atu wāhi e tukatukahia ai ngā hua kua oti engari kāore e whakaatuhia tika.
(3). Te wāhi whakaputa ma: e pā ana ki te wāhi he nui rawa ngā whakaritenga taiao akuaku, he nui ngā whakaritenga kaimahi me te taiao, ā, me horoi me te whakawhiti i mua i te whakaurunga, pērā i: ngā wāhi tukatuka e tukuna ana ngā rauemi mata me ngā hua kua oti, ngā rūma tukatuka matao mō ngā kai e taea te kai, me ngā rūma whakamatao mō ngā kai kua rite ki te kai. Rūma rokiroki mō ngā kai kua rite ki te kai hei tākai, rūma tākai o roto mō ngā kai kua rite ki te kai, me ētahi atu.
① Me karohia e te rūma kai ma ngā pūtake parahanga, te whakawhiti-parahanga, te whakaranu me ngā hapa i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i te pae, te hoahoa, te tahora, te hanga me te whakahoutanga.
②He ma, he ātaahua te taiao o te wheketere, ā, he pai te rere o te tangata me ngā mahi kawe.
③Me whai tikanga whakahaere urunga tika hei ārai i te urunga mai o te hunga kāore i whakamanahia.
④Tiakihia ngā raraunga hanganga me ngā raraunga otinga hanganga.
⑤ Me hanga ngā whare e tino parahanga ana te hau i te wā o te mahi whakaputa ki te taha whakararo o te wāhi wheketere, ki te wāhi e nui rawa ana te ahunga o te hau i te tau katoa.
⑥ Mēnā kāore e pai ana ngā tukanga whakaputa e pā ana tetahi ki tetahi ki te tū i roto i te whare kotahi, me whai wāhi wehewehe whai hua i waenga i ngā wāhi whakaputa. Me whai awheawhe whakaputa motuhake mō te whakaputanga o ngā hua kua whakapūkaratia.
3. Ngā whakaritenga mō ngā wāhi whakaputa ma
① Ko ngā tukanga e hiahia ana kia kore e taea te whakamahi i te whakahoromata whakamutunga, me ngā tukanga e taea ai te whakatutuki i te whakahoromata whakamutunga engari ka whakahaerehia ma te kore e pangia i muri i te whakahoromata, me whakahaere i roto i ngā wāhi whakaputa ma.
② Me whakauru ki roto i tētahi wāhi whakaputa ma, ā, he pai hoki ngā whakaritenga taiao whakaputa akuaku ngā wāhi rokiroki me te tukatuka mō ngā kai pirau, ngā hua kua oti te kai, ngā hua kua oti rānei i mua i te whakamatao whakamutunga, i te takai rānei, me ngā wāhi tukatuka-mua mō ngā rauemi mata kāore e taea te whakahoromata, ngā wāhi hiri hua, me ngā wāhi whakapūkara, te taiao whakaatu i muri i te whakahoromata whakamutunga o te hua, te wāhi whakarite rauemi takai o roto me te rūma takai o roto, tae atu ki ngā wāhi tukatuka me ngā rūma tirotiro mō te whakaputa kai, te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga kai, te tiaki rānei, me ētahi atu.
③Me whakarite kia tika te whakatakotoranga o te wāhi whakaputa ma, kia rite ki te tukanga whakaputa me ngā whakaritenga mō te taumata rūma ma. Kaua te whakatakotoranga o te raina whakaputa e puta ai ngā whakawhiti me ngā motumotu.
④ Me tutuki i ngā awheawhe honohono rerekē i roto i te wāhi whakaputa ngā hiahia o ngā momo me ngā tukanga. Mena e tika ana, me whakarite he rūma ārai me ētahi atu tikanga hei ārai i te whakawhiti-paru. Kaua te horahanga o te rūma ārai e iti iho i te 3 mita pūrua.
⑤ Kaua e whakamahia te wāhi ma kotahi mō te tukatuka rauemi mata me te hanga hua kua oti.
⑥ Whakatakotoria he wāhi me te wāhi i roto i te awheawhe whakaputa e tika ana mō te tauine whakaputa hei wāhi rokiroki rangitahi mō ngā rauemi, ngā hua waenga, ngā hua hei tirotiro me ngā hua kua oti, ā, me ārai rawa i te whakawhiti, te whakapoauau me te poke.
⑦Me whakatū motuhake te rūma tirotiro, ā, me mahi ngā mahi tika hei whakatika i te putanga me te rerenga wai. Mena he whakaritenga mō te horoinga o te hau mō te tukanga tirotiro hua, me whakatū he tēpu mahi ma.
4. Ngā whakaritenga mō ngā tohu aroturuki i te horoi i ngā wāhi tukatuka kai
He mea nui te taiao tukatuka kai e pā ana ki te haumaru kai. Nō reira, kua whakahaerehia e te Food Partner Network he rangahau me te matapaki ā-roto mō ngā whakaritenga taupū aroturuki mō te ma o te hau i roto i ngā wāhi tukatuka kai.
(1). Ngā whakaritenga mō te horoi i roto i ngā paerewa me ngā ture
I tēnei wā, kei roto i ngā ture arotake raihana whakaputa mō ngā inu me ngā hua miraka ngā whakaritenga mō te horoinga o te hau mō ngā wāhi mahi ma. E whakatau ana ngā Ture Arotake Raihana Whakaputa Inu (putanga 2017) me eke te horoinga o te hau (ngā matūriki iri, ngā huakita whakatō) o te wāhi whakaputa wai inu kua tākaihia ki te akomanga 10000 ina tūpato, ā, me eke te wāhanga whakakī ki te akomanga 1000, me eke rānei te horoinga whānui ki te akomanga 1000; ngā inu warowaihā Me whakarite te wāhi mahi ma kia neke atu i te 10 ngā wā/h te auau o te rere o te hau; he rerekē ngā whakaritenga horoinga hau mō te wāhi mahi horoi inu totoka i runga i ngā āhuatanga me ngā whakaritenga tukatuka o ngā momo inu totoka rerekē;
Me tutuki i ētahi atu momo wāhi mahi horoi inu ngā whakaritenga mō te horoinga o te hau. Me eke te horoinga o te hau i te wā e pāngia ana e te hau, kia eke ki ngā whakaritenga mō te akomanga 100,000, pērā i te hanga hua inu ā-kore pēnei i ngā wai kukū (wai, penupenu) mō te ahumahi kai, me ētahi atu. Ka taea te whakakore i tēnei whakaritenga.
E hiahiatia ana e ngā ture arotake taipitopito mō ngā tikanga raihana mō te hanga hua miraka (putanga 2010) me te "Paerewa Haumaru Kai Motu mō ngā Mahi Hanga Pai mō ngā Hua Miraka" (GB12693) kia whakahaeretia te tapeke o ngā koroni kitakita i te hau i roto i te rohe mahi horoi miraka i raro i te 30CFU/rihi, ā, e hiahiatia ana hoki e ngā ture taipitopito kia tukuna e ngā umanga he pūrongo whakamātautau ma o te hau ā-tau e tukuna ana e tētahi tari tirotiro whai mana.
I roto i te "Paerewa Haumaru Kai ā-Motu, Ngā Whakatakotoranga Whānui mō te Whakaputa Kai" (GB 14881-2013) me ētahi whakaritenga akuaku mō te whakaputa hua, ko ngā pūwāhi tauira aroturuki, ngā tohu aroturuki me ngā auau aroturuki o ngā moroiti taiao i roto i te rohe tukatuka ka whakaatuhia i roto i ngā āpitihanga, me te whakarato i ngā aratohu aroturuki mā ngā kamupene Hanga kai.
Hei tauira, e taunaki ana te "Paerewa Haumaru Kai ā-Motu me te Ture Hauora mō te Hanga Inu" (GB 12695) kia horoia te hau taiao (te hau e tau ana ngā huakita (Static)) ≤10 ngā wahi/(φ90mm·0.5h).
(2). Ngā whakaritenga mō te aroturuki i ngā tohu o ngā taumata ma rerekē
E ai ki ngā kōrero o runga ake nei, ka kitea ko ngā whakaritenga mō te horoi o te hau i roto i te tikanga paerewa e aro nui ana ki ngā wāhi whakaputa ma. E ai ki te Aratohu Whakatinanatanga GB14881: "Ko ngā wāhi whakaputa ma ko ngā wāhi rokiroki me te tukatuka i mua i te whakamatao whakamutunga, i te takai rānei i ngā kai pirau, ngā hua kua oti te kai, ngā hua kua oti rānei, me te tukatuka rauemi mata, te hanga me te whakakī hua mō ngā kai tukatuka kore-parakore. Ngā wāhi e kitea ana i mua i te urunga o te kai ki te wāhi takai i muri i te whakaparakore, me ētahi atu wāhi tukatuka me te whakahaere kai he nui te mōrearea o te poke."
Ko ngā ture me ngā paerewa taipitopito mō te arotake i ngā inu me ngā hua miraka e kī ana me whakauru ngā matūriki me ngā moroiti i roto i ngā tohu aroturuki hau taiao, ā, me aroturuki tonu mēnā kei te eke te ma o te wāhi mahi horoi ki te paerewa. E kī ana a GB 12695 me GB 12693 me ine ngā huakita whakatō i runga i te tikanga whakatō taiao i roto i te GB/T 18204.3.
Ko te "Paerewa Haumaru Kai ā-Motu mō te Mahi Hanga Pai mō ngā Kai Tātai mō ngā Kaupapa Hauora Motuhake" (GB 29923) me te "Mahere Arotake Whakaputa mō ngā Kai Kai Hākinakina" i whakaputaina e Beijing, Jiangsu me ētahi atu wāhi e tohu ana ko te maha o ngā puehu (ngā matūriki iri) ka inehia kia rite ki te GB/T 16292. He pumau te tūnga.
5. Me pēhea te mahi a te pūnaha rūma ma?
Aratau 1: Ko te mātāpono mahi o te waeine whakahaere hau + pūnaha tātari hau + paipa tuku hau me te whakamahana rūma ma + pouaka HEPA + pūnaha paipa hau whakahoki rūma ma ka haere tonu me te whakakī anō i te hau hou ki roto i te awheawhe rūma ma kia tutuki ai te ma e hiahiatia ana o te taiao whakaputa.
Aratau 2: Ko te mātāpono mahi o te pūwero hau ahumahi FFU e tāutahia ana ki te tuanui o te awheawhe rūma ma hei tuku tika i te hau ki te rūma ma + pūnaha hau whakahoki + hauhautanga kei runga i te tuanui hei whakamatao. Ko tēnei momo e whakamahia whānuitia ana i ngā wā kāore i te tino teitei ngā whakaritenga horoi taiao, ā, he iti te utu. Pērā i ngā awheawhe whakaputa kai, ngā kaupapa taiwhanga ā-tinana me te matū noa, ngā rūma takai hua, ngā awheawhe whakaputa whakapaipai, me ētahi atu.
Ko te kōwhiringa o ngā hoahoa rerekē mō ngā pūnaha tuku me ngā pūnaha hau whakahoki i roto i ngā rūma ma he mea nui ki te whakatau i ngā taumata ma rerekē o ngā rūma ma.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-19-2023