Te whānautanga o te rūma ma
Ko te putanga mai me te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau katoa nā ngā hiahia whakaputa. Kāore te hangarau rūma ma i rerekē. I te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, i hangaia e te Hononga o Amerika ngā gyroscopes e rere ana i te hau mō te whakatere waka rererangi. Nā te koretake o te kounga, i ia 10 gyroscopes i hangaia anōtia, ā, i te toharite, 120 ngā wā. I te Pakanga Kōrea i ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 1950, neke atu i te kotahi miriona ngā wāhanga hiko i whakakapia e te Hononga o Amerika ki roto i ngā taputapu whakawhitiwhiti hiko 160,000. I rahua ngā radars i te 84% o te wā, ā, i rahua ngā sonars ruku wai i te 48% o te wā. Ko te take he ngoikore te pono o ngā taputapu hiko me ngā wāhanga, ā, he koretake te kounga. I rangahauhia e te ope taua me ngā kaihanga ngā take, ā, i te mutunga ka whakatauhia mai i ngā āhuatanga maha he hononga ki te taiao whakaputa poke. Ahakoa i mahia ngā mahi tino pakari hei kati i te awheawhe whakaputa i taua wā, he iti noa te pānga. Nō reira, koinei te whānautanga o te rūma ma!
Te whakawhanaketanga o te rūma horoi
Te wāhanga tuatahi
Nō te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1950 ka whakamahia te HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter) i whakawhanakehia e te US Atomic Energy Commission i te tau 1951 hei whakaoti rapanga i te hopunga o te puehu irahiko e kino ana ki te tinana tangata ki te tātari hau o te awheawhe whakaputa, ā, i whānau mai ai te rūma ma hou.
Te wāhanga tuarua
I te tau 1961, i whakaarohia e Willis Whitfield, he kairangahau matua i Sandia National Laboratories i te United States, tētahi kaupapa whakarite rere hau ma, i huaina i mua ko te rere laminar, i huaina inaianei ko te rere unidirectional, ā, i whakamahia ki te hangarau tūturu. Mai i taua wā, kua eke ngā rūma ma ki tētahi taumata ma teitei ake i mua i tēnei.
Te wāhanga tuatoru
I taua tau anō, i whakatakotohia e te US Air Force, ā, i whakaputaina te paerewa rūma ma tuatahi o te ao TO-00-25--203 Air Force Directive "Design and Operation Characteristics Standards for Cleanroom and Clean"B"ench". I runga i tēnei kaupapa, i panuitia te US Federal Standard FED-STD-209, e wehewehe ana i te rūma ma ki ngā taumata e toru, i te Hakihea 1963. Tae noa mai ki tēnei wā, kua hangaia te tauira o te hangarau rūma ma katoa.
Ko ngā whanaketanga matua e toru i runga ake nei e whakanuia ana hei tohu matua e toru i roto i te hītori o te whanaketanga rūma ma o ēnei rā.
I waenganui o te tekau tau atu i 1960, ka puta ake ngā rūma horoi i roto i ngā rāngai ahumahi o te Hononga o Amerika. Ehara i te mea ko te ahumahi hōia anake te mea e whakamahia ana, engari e whakatairangahia ana hoki i roto i ngā hikohiko, ngā whatu, ngā peera iti, ngā motuka iti, ngā kiriata whakaahua-ā-ahua, ngā matū matū tino parakore me ētahi atu rāngai ahumahi, ā, he mea nui tēnei ki te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau me te ahumahi i taua wā. Nā reira, koinei te whakataki taipitopito i te kāinga me tāwāhi.
Whakataurite Whakawhanaketanga
Ki tāwāhi
I ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 1950, i whakaurua e te US Atomic Energy Commission te tātari hau matūriki tino whai hua (HEPA) i te tau 1950 hei whakaoti rapanga o te hopu puehu irahiko e kino ana ki te tinana tangata, ā, koinei te tohu tuatahi i roto i te hītori o te whanaketanga hangarau ma.
I waenganui o te tekau tau atu i 1960, ka tupu ake te rūma ma i roto i ngā wheketere pērā i ngā mīhini hiko tika i te United States, pērā i te harore i muri i te ua, ā, i taua wā anō ka tīmata te tukanga o te whakawhiti i te hangarau rūma ma ahumahi ki ngā rūma ma koiora. I te tau 1961, ka whānau mai te rūma ma rere laminar (rere kotahi-ara). I whakatūria te paerewa rūma ma tuatahi o te ao - ko ngā Ture Hangarau o te Ope Tauā o Amerika 203.
I ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 1970, ka tīmata te arotahi o te hanganga rūma ma ki te neke ki ngā ahumahi hauora, rongoā, kai me te matū koiora. Haunga te Hononga o Amerika, ko ētahi atu whenua ahumahi matatau, pērā i a Hapani, Tiamana, Peretānia, Wīwī, Huiterangi, te Uniana o mua o Sōviete, me Hōrana, kua aro nui ki te hangarau rūma ma, ā, kua kaha hoki te whakawhanake.
I muri i te tekau tau atu i 1980, kua angitu te whakawhanaketanga o te Hononga o Amerika me Hapani i ngā tātari hou tino pai te whai huatanga me te ahanoa tātari o te 0.1μm me te whai huatanga hopu o te 99.99%. Hei whakamutunga, i hangaia ngā rūma ma tino pai te taumata o te 0.1μm taumata 10 me te 0.1μm taumata 1, ā, nā tēnei i kawe mai te whanaketanga o te hangarau rūma ma ki tētahi wā hou.
Ā-whare
Mai i te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1960 ki te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1970, ko ēnei tau tekau te tīmatanga me te turanga o te hangarau rūma ma o Haina. Tata ki te tekau tau i muri mai i ngā whenua ke. He wā tino motuhake, he wā uaua hoki, he ngoikore te ōhanga, ā, kāore he hononga ā-ture ki ngā whenua kaha. I raro i ēnei āhuatanga uaua, i runga i ngā hiahia o ngā mīhini tika, ngā taputapu rererangi me ngā ahumahi hiko, ka tīmata ngā kaimahi hangarau rūma ma o Haina i tā rātou ake haerenga pakihi.
Mai i te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1970 ki te mutunga o te tekau tau atu i 1980, i roto i tēnei tekau tau, i pāngia te hangarau rūma ma o Haina e te whanaketanga pai. I roto i te whanaketanga o te hangarau rūma ma o Haina, he maha ngā whakatutukitanga nui me ngā mea nui i tata puta mai i tēnei wāhanga. I eke ngā tohu ki te taumata hangarau o ngā whenua ke i ngā tau atu i 1980.
Mai i te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1990, kua mau tonu te tipu tere me te pumau o te ōhanga o Haina, me te haumi tonu ki tāwāhi, ā, he maha ngā rōpū o te ao kua hanga i ngā wheketere hiko iti maha i Haina. Nō reira, he nui ake ngā whai wāhitanga a ngā hangarau me ngā kairangahau o te rohe ki te whakapā atu ki ngā ariā hoahoa o ngā rūma ma taumata teitei o tāwāhi, ki te mārama ki ngā taputapu me ngā taputapu matatau o te ao, te whakahaere me te tiaki, me ētahi atu.
I te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau, kua tere haere hoki te whanaketanga o ngā umanga horoi rūma o Haina.
I te mea kei te piki haere tonu te paerewa oranga o te tangata, kei te piki haere hoki ā rātou hiahia mō te taiao noho me te kounga o te oranga, ā,rūma horoikua āta whakamahia te hangarau hangarau ki te purenga hau o te kāinga. I tēnei wā,Haina's rūma horoiKāore te hangarau e pā ana ki ngā hikohiko, ngā taputapu hiko, te rongoā, te kai, te rangahau pūtaiao me ētahi atu ahumahi anake, engari tera pea ka neke atu ki te kāinga, ki ngā whakangahau tūmatanui me ētahi atu wāhi, ki ngā whare wānanga, me ētahi atu. Nā te whanaketanga tonu o te pūtaiao me te hangarau kua āta whakatairanga i terūma horoingā kamupene hangarau ki ngā mano tini o ngā whare, me te rahinga o te wharerūma horoikua tupu hoki te ahumahi, ā, kua tīmata te iwi ki te pārekareka mārire ki ngā hua orūma horoihangarau.
Wā tuku: Hurae-22-2024