Te whānautanga o te rūma ma
Ko te putanga mai me te whanaketanga o ngā hangarau katoa nā ngā hiahia o te hanga. Kāore te hangarau rūma ma i te rerekē. I te Pakanga Tuarua o te Ao, i hangaia anō ngā gyroscope hau i hangaia i te United States mō te whakatere waka rererangi i te toharite o te 120 ngā wā mō ia 10 gyroscope nā te koretake o te kounga. I te Pakanga o te Penetānia o Korea i ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 1950, neke atu i te miriona ngā wāhanga hiko i whakakapia i roto i ngā taputapu whakawhitiwhiti hiko 160,000 i te United States. I puta te rahunga radar i te 84% o te wā, ā, i puta te rahunga sonar ruku wai i te 48% o te wā. Ko te take he iti te pono o ngā taputapu hiko me ngā wāhanga, ā, he koretake hoki te kounga. I rangahauhia e te ope taua me ngā kaihanga te take, ā, i te mutunga ka whakatauhia mai i ngā āhuatanga maha he hononga ki te taiao hanga poke. Ahakoa kāore i penapenahia he utu, ā, i mahia he maha ngā mahi pakari hei kati i te awheawhe hanga, he iti noa ngā hua. Nō reira koinei te whānautanga o te rūma ma!
Te whakawhanaketanga o te rūma ma
Te wāhanga tuatahi: Tae noa ki te tīmatanga o te tekau tau atu i 1950, ko te HEPA-High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter, i whakawhanakehia angitu e te US Atomic Energy Commission i te tau 1951 hei whakaoti rapanga o te hopu puehu irahiko e kino ana ki te tangata, i whakamahia ki te pūnaha tuku o ngā awheawhe whakaputa. Nā te tātari hau i whānau mai ai he rūma ma me te hiranga hou.
Te wāhanga tuarua: I te tau 1961, i whakaarohia e Willis Whitfield, he kairangahau matua i Sandia National Laboratories i te United States, te mea i kiia i taua wā ko te rere laminar, ā, ināianei ko te rere kotahi-ara. (rere kotahi-ara) he mahere whakahaere rere hau ma, ā, i whakamahia ki ngā kaupapa tūturu. Mai i taua wā, kua eke te rūma ma ki tētahi taumata ma o mua.
Te tuatoru o ngā wāhanga: I taua tau anō, i hangaia e te Ope Taua Rererangi o Amerika, ā, i tukuna te paerewa rūma ma tuatahi o te ao, TO-00-25--203 Air Force Directive "Paerewa mō te Hoahoa me ngā Āhuatanga Whakahaere o ngā Rūma Ma me ngā Paepae Ma." I runga i tēnei kaupapa, i panuitia te paerewa ā-motu o Amerika FED-STD-209, i wehea ai ngā rūma ma kia toru ngā taumata, i te Hakihea 1963. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, kua hangaia te tauira o te hangarau rūma ma tino pai.
Ko ngā whanaketanga matua e toru i runga ake nei e kiia ana he tohu nui e toru i roto i te hītori o te whanaketanga rūma ma o ēnei rā.
I waenganui o te tekau tau atu i 1960, ka puta ake ngā rūma ma i roto i ngā rāngai ahumahi o te Hononga o Amerika. Kāore i te whakamahia noa i roto i te umanga hōia, engari i whakatairangahia hoki i roto i ngā hikohiko, ngā whatu, ngā peera iti, ngā motuka iti, ngā kiriata whakaahua-ā-ahua, ngā matū matū tino parakore me ētahi atu rāngai ahumahi, ā, he mahi nui tēnei ki te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao, te hangarau me te umanga i taua wā. Hei whakatutuki i tēnei, koinei te whakataki taipitopito ki ngā whenua o roto me tāwāhi.
Whakataurite whanaketanga
I Tāwāhi: I ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 1950, hei whakaoti rapanga mō te hopu puehu irahiko e kino ana ki te tinana tangata, i whakaurua e te US Atomic Energy Commission te tātari hau matūriki whai hua teitei (HEPA) i te tau 1950, koinei te tohu tuatahi i roto i te hītori o te whanaketanga o te hangarau ma. I ngā tau 1960, i puta ake ngā rūma ma i roto i ngā mīhini hiko tika me ētahi atu wheketere i te United States. I taua wā anō, ka tīmata te tukanga o te whakawhiti i te hangarau rūma ma ahumahi ki ngā rūma ma koiora. I te tau 1961, i whānau mai te rūma ma rere laminar (rere kotahi te ahunga). I whakatūria te paerewa rūma ma tuatahi o te ao - US Air Force Technical Doctrine 203. I ngā tau tōmua o te tekau tau atu i 1970, ka tīmata te arotahi o te hanganga rūma ma ki te neke ki ngā ahumahi hauora, rongoā, kai me te matū koiora. Haunga te United States, ko ētahi atu whenua matatau ahumahi pērā i a Hapani, Tiamana, te United Kingdom, Wīwī, Huiterangi, te Soviet Union o mua, te Netherlands, me ētahi atu e aro nui ana ki te hangarau ma, ā, e kaha ana te whakawhanake. I muri i te tekau tau atu i 1980, i angitu te whakawhanaketanga o ngā tātari ultra-hepa hou e te Hononga o Amerika me Hapani me te whāinga tātari o te 0.1 μm me te pai o te kohikohinga o te 99.99%. Hei whakamutunga, i hangaia ngā rūma ma ultra-hepa me te 0.1μm taumata 10 me te 0.1μm taumata 1, ā, nā tēnei i kawe mai te whanaketanga o te hangarau ma ki tētahi wā hou.
Haina: Mai i te tīmatanga o te tekau tau 1960 ki te mutunga o te tekau tau 1970, ko ēnei tau tekau te tīmatanga me te tūāpapa o te hangarau rūma ma o Haina. Tata ki te tekau tau i muri mai i tāwāhi. He wā tino motuhake, he wā uaua hoki, he ngoikore te ōhanga, ā, kāore he hononga ā-whenua kaha. I raro i ēnei āhuatanga uaua, me ngā hiahia o ngā mīhini tika, ngā taputapu rererangi me ngā ahumahi hiko, ka tīmata ngā kaimahi hangarau rūma ma o Haina i tā rātou ake haerenga pakihi. Mai i te mutunga o te tekau tau 1970 ki te mutunga o te tekau tau 1980, i pāngia te hangarau rūma ma o Haina e te wā whanaketanga pai. I roto i te tukanga whanaketanga o te hangarau rūma ma o Haina, he maha ngā whakatutukitanga nui me ngā mea nui i whānau mai i tēnei wā. Kua eke ngā tohu ki te taumata hangarau o ngā whenua ke i ngā tau 1980. Mai i te tīmatanga o te tekau tau 1990 ki nāianei, kua mau tonu te tipu pumau me te tere o te ōhanga o Haina, kua tonu te whakaurua o te haumi o te ao, ā, he maha ngā rōpū ao whānui kua hanga i ngā wheketere hiko iti maha i Haina. Nō reira, he nui ake ngā whai wāhitanga a ngā hangarau ā-rohe me ngā kairangahau ki te whakapā atu ki ngā ariā hoahoa o ngā rūma ma taumata teitei o tāwāhi, me te mārama ki ngā taputapu me ngā taputapu matatau o te ao, te whakahaere me te tiaki, me ētahi atu.
I te whanaketanga o te pūtaiao me te hangarau, kei te tere haere hoki te whanaketanga o ngā kamupene rūma ma o Haina. Kei te piki haere tonu ngā paerewa oranga o te tangata, ā, kei te piki haere tonu ngā whakaritenga mō te taiao noho me te kounga o te oranga. Kua āta whakatikatikahia te hangarau hangarau rūma ma ki te horoi i te hau o te whare. I tēnei wā, ehara i te mea he pai noa ngā kaupapa rūma ma o Haina mō ngā hikohiko, ngā taputapu hiko, te rongoā, te kai, te rangahau pūtaiao me ētahi atu ahumahi, engari he mea pea ka whakamahia ki ngā kāinga, ki ngā wāhi whakangahau tūmatanui, ki ngā whare wānanga, me ētahi atu. I te whanaketanga tonu o te pūtaiao me te hangarau, kua horapa haere ngā kamupene hangarau rūma ma ki ngā mano tini o ngā whare. Kua piki haere hoki te whānuitanga o te umanga taputapu rūma ma o te whare i ia rā, i ia rā, ā, kua tīmata te tangata ki te āta pārekareka ki ngā hua o te hangarau rūma ma.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-20-2023