Te umanga hanga hiko:
I te whanaketanga o ngā rorohiko, ngā hikohiko iti me te hangarau mōhiohio, kua tere te whanaketanga o te umanga hanga hiko, ā, kua akiakihia hoki te hangarau rūma ma. I taua wā anō, kua teitei ake ngā whakaritenga kua whakatakotoria mō te hoahoa o te rūma ma. He hangarau whānui te hoahoa o te rūma ma i roto i te umanga hanga hiko. Mā te mārama katoa ki ngā āhuatanga hoahoa o te rūma ma i roto i te umanga hanga hiko me te hanga hoahoa whaitake ka taea te whakaiti i te tere hapa o ngā hua i roto i te umanga hanga hiko, me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa.
Ngā āhuatanga o te rūma ma i roto i te umanga hanga hiko:
He teitei ngā whakaritenga mō te taumata horoi, ā, ka whakahaeretia te rahinga o te hau, te pāmahana, te haumākū, te rerekētanga o te pēhanga, me te putanga o ngā taputapu ina hiahiatia. Ka whakahaeretia te māramatanga me te tere o te hau o te wāhanga rūma ma i runga i te hoahoa, i te whakaritenga rānei. Hei tāpiri, he tino kaha ngā whakaritenga mō te hiko pateko o tēnei momo rūma ma. He tino kaha ngā whakaritenga mō te haumākū. Nā te mea he ngāwari te whakaputa hiko pateko i roto i te wheketere maroke rawa, ka kino te whakaurunga CMOS. I te nuinga o te wā, me whakahaere te pāmahana o te wheketere hiko ki te 22°C, ā, me whakahaere te haumākū whanaunga i waenga i te 50-60% (he ture pāmahana me te haumākū e tika ana mō te rūma ma motuhake). I tēnei wā, ka taea te whakakore pai i te hiko pateko, ā, ka taea hoki e te tangata te noho pai. He wāhanga nui o te rūma ma i roto i te umanga hanga hiko ngā awheawhe hanga maramara, ngā awheawhe hanga rūma ma hikohiko whakauru me ngā awheawhe hanga kōpae. Nā te mea he tino kaha ngā whakaritenga mō te taiao hau o roto me te kounga i te wā hanga me te whakaputa, ko te arotahi matua ko te whakahaere i ngā matūriki me te puehu e rere ana, ā, he tino kaha hoki ngā ture mō te pāmahana, te haumākū, te rahinga hau hou, te haruru, me ētahi atu o te taiao.
1. Te taumata haruru (āhua kau) i roto i te rūma ma o te akomanga 10,000 o te wheketere hanga hikohiko: kaua e neke atu i te 65dB (A).
2. Kaua te ōwehenga kapinga katoa o te rūma ma rere poutū i roto i te whare hanga hiko e iti iho i te 60%, ā, kaua hoki te ōwehenga kapinga katoa o te rūma ma rere kotahi-ahunga whakapae e iti iho i te 40%, ki te kore ka rere kotahi-ahunga wāhanga.
3. Kaua te rerekētanga pēhanga pūmau i waenga i te rūma ma me te taha o waho o te whare hanga hikohiko e iti iho i te 10Pa, ā, kaua hoki te rerekētanga pēhanga pūmau i waenga i te wāhi ma me te wāhi kāore i ma me te rerekētanga o te ma o te hau e iti iho i te 5Pa.
4. Ko te nui o te hau hou i roto i te rūma ma o te akomanga 10,000 o te umanga hanga hikohiko me tango i te mōrahi o ngā mea e rua e whai ake nei:
① Whakakapia te tapeke o te nui o te hau e puta ana i roto i te whare me te nui o te hau hou e hiahiatia ana hei pupuri i te pēhanga pai o roto.
② Me whakarite kia kaua e iti iho i te 40m3 te nui o te hau hou e tukuna ana ki te rūma ma mō ia tangata mō ia haora.
③ Me whai hau hou me te ārai whakaweto i te pāmahana nui o te whakamahana o te pūnaha hau whakamahana rūma ma i roto i te umanga hanga hiko. Mēnā ka whakamahia te whakamakuku, me whakatakoto he ārai kore wai. I ngā wāhi makariri, me whai ārai huka te pūnaha hau hou. Me whai uara mōrahi o ngā mea e toru e whai ake nei te nui o te hau e tukuna ana i roto i te rūma ma: te nui o te hau e tukuna ana hei whakarite i te taumata ma o te hau o te rūma ma o te whare hanga hiko; ka whakatauhia te nui o te hau e tukuna ana i roto i te rūma ma o te wheketere hiko i runga i te tātaitanga o te kawenga wera me te haumākū; te nui o te hau hou e tukuna ana ki te rūma ma o te whare hanga hiko.
Te umanga hanga koiora:
Ngā āhuatanga o ngā wheketere rongoā koiora:
1. Ehara i te mea he nui ngā utu taputapu, he uaua ngā tukanga whakaputa, he nui ngā whakaritenga mō ngā taumata horoi me te koretake o ngā rūma horoi koiora, engari he tino whakaritenga anō hoki mō te kounga o ngā kaimahi whakaputa.
2. Ka puta ngā tūponotanga kino o te koiora i roto i te tukanga whakaputa, ko te nuinga o ngā tūponotanga mate, ngā huakita mate, ngā pūtau me ngā wāhanga mate rānei, te pākia rānei ki te tinana tangata me ētahi atu rauropi, te paitini me ētahi atu tauhohenga koiora, te paitini hua, te pāngia me ētahi atu tauhohenga koiora, ngā pānga ki te taiao.
Wāhi ma: He rūma (wāhi) e tika ana kia whakahaerea ngā matūriki puehu me ngā poke moroiti ki te taiao. Ko te mahi a tōna hanganga whare, ngā taputapu me tōna whakamahinga he ārai i te whakaurunga, te whakaputa me te pupuri i ngā poke ki te rohe.
Raka Hau: He wāhi motuhake me ngā tatau e rua, neke atu rānei, i waenganui i ngā rūma e rua, neke atu rānei (pērā i ngā rūma he rerekē ngā taumata horoi). Ko te kaupapa o te whakatū i tētahi raka hau he whakahaere i te rere o te hau ina tomo mai, ina puta atu rānei te tangata, te rauemi rānei i te raka hau. Ka wehea ngā raka hau ki ngā raka hau mō ngā kaimahi me ngā raka hau mō ngā rauemi.
Ko ngā āhuatanga taketake o te rūma ma o ngā rongoā koiora: me aro turuki te taiao i ngā matūriki puehu me ngā moroiti. E whā ngā taumata o te horoi o te awheawhe whakaputa rongoā: te akomanga ā-rohe 100, te akomanga 1000, te akomanga 10000 me te akomanga 30000 i raro i te papamuri o te akomanga 100, te akomanga 10000 rānei.
Te pāmahana o te rūma ma: kāore he whakaritenga motuhake, i te 18~26 nekehanga, ā, ko te haumākū whanaunga e whakahaeretia ana i te 45%~65%. Te whakahaere i te poke o ngā awheawhe ma koiora-rongoā: te whakahaere i ngā pūtake poke, te whakahaere i ngā tukanga horapa, me te whakahaere i te poke whakawhiti. Ko te hangarau matua o te rongoā rūma ma ko te whakahaere i te puehu me ngā moroiti. Hei poke, ko ngā moroiti te kaupapa matua o te whakahaere taiao rūma ma. Ko ngā poke e kohia ana i roto i ngā taputapu me ngā paipa i te wāhi ma o te whare rongoā ka taea te poke tika i ngā rongoā, engari kāore e pā ki te whakamātautau poke. Kāore te taumata poke e tika ana mō te tautuhi i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, matū, irahiko me te ora o ngā matūriki iri. Kāore i te mōhio ki te tukanga whakaputa rongoā, ngā take o te poke me ngā wāhi e kohia ai ngā poke, me ngā tikanga me ngā paerewa aromatawai mō te tango i ngā poke.
Ko ngā āhuatanga e whai ake nei he mea noa i roto i te whakawhiti hangarau GMP o ngā tipu rongoā:
Nā te kore mārama o te hinengaro whaiaro, kāore i te pai te whakamahinga o te hangarau ma i roto i te tukanga whakahaere parahanga, ā, i te mutunga, kua nui te haumi a ētahi whare rongoā ki te whakarerekētanga, engari kāore anō kia tino pai ake te kounga o ngā rongoā.
Ka pāngia te kounga o te hua e te hoahoa me te hanganga o ngā whare hanga rongoā ma, te hanga me te tāutanga o ngā taputapu me ngā whare i roto i ngā whare, te kounga o ngā rauemi mata me ngā rauemi āwhina me ngā rauemi tākai e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga, me te whakatinanatanga kino o ngā tikanga whakahaere mō ngā tāngata ma me ngā whare ma. Ko ngā take e pā ana ki te kounga o te hua i roto i te hanganga ko ngā raruraru kei roto i te hononga whakahaere tukanga, me ngā tūponotanga huna i roto i te tukanga tāutanga me te hanganga, arā, ko:
① Kāore i te ma te pakitara o roto o te paipa hau o te pūnaha hau whakamahana, kāore i te piri te hononga, ā, he nui rawa te tere o te turuturu o te hau;
② Kāore i te piri te hanganga o te pereti maitai tae, kāore i te tika ngā hiri i waenganui i te rūma ma me te tuanui hangarau, ā, kāore te tatau kati e ārai i te hau;
③ Ka hangaia e ngā kōtaha whakapaipai me ngā paipa tukatuka he kokonga mate me te kohikohi puehu i roto i te rūma ma;
④ Kāore ētahi wāhi i hangaia kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga hoahoa, ā, kāore e taea te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga me ngā ture e tika ana;
⑤ Kāore te kounga o te hiri i whakamahia i te rite ki te paerewa, he ngāwari ki te taka, ki te pirau;
⑥ Kua honoa ngā ara pereti rino tae whakahoki me te putanga hau, ā, ka uru te puehu ki te paipa hau whakahoki mai i te putanga hau;
⑦ Kāore te pakitara o roto e hangaia i te wā e whakarewahia ana ngā paipa parakore rino pērā i te wai parakore tukatuka me te wai weronga;
⑧ Kāore e mahi te takirere tirotiro o te paipa hau, ā, ka puta te parahanga i te rerenga mai o te hau;
⑨ Kāore te kounga o te tāutanga o te pūnaha waikeri i te eke ki te paerewa, ā, he ngāwari te kohikohi puehu i te whata paipa me ngā taputapu;
⑩ Kāore te tautuhinga rerekētanga pēhanga o te rūma ma e tika ana, ā, kāore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te tukanga whakaputa.
Te umanga tā me te tākai:
I te whanaketanga o te hapori, kua pai ake hoki ngā hua o te umanga tā me te umanga takai. Kua uru mai ngā taputapu tā nui ki te rūma ma, ka taea te whakapai ake i te kounga o ngā hua tā me te whakanui ake i te reiti tohu o ngā hua. Koinei hoki te whakaurunga pai rawa atu o te umanga purenga me te umanga tā. Ko te tā te nuinga e whakaata ana i te pāmahana me te haumākū o te hua i roto i te taiao wāhi paninga, te maha o ngā matūriki puehu, ā, he mea nui ki te kounga hua me te reiti tohu. Ko te umanga takai te nuinga e whakaatahia ana i roto i te pāmahana me te haumākū o te taiao wāhi, te maha o ngā matūriki puehu i te rangi, me te kounga o te wai i roto i ngā takai kai me ngā takai rongoā. He mea tino nui hoki ngā tikanga whakahaere paerewa a ngā kaimahi whakaputa.
He awheawhe whakaputa motuhake te rehu kore-pūngao, he mea hanga mai i ngā panera hanawiti maitai, ka taea te tātari i te parahanga o te hau kino ki ngā hua, me te whakaiti i te puehu i te wāhi rehu me te tere o te hapa o te hua. Mā te whakamahi i te hangarau kore-pūngao ka whakapai ake i te kounga o te āhua o ngā hua, pērā i te pouaka whakaata/rorohiko, te anga waea pūkoro, te DVD/VCD, te papatohu kēmu, te hopu ataata, te rorohiko PDA, te anga kāmera, te oro, te whakamaroke makawe, te MD, te hanga-kanohi, ngā taonga takaro me ētahi atu mea mahi. Tukanga: wāhi uta → tango puehu ā-ringa → tango puehu hiko → rehu ā-ringa/aunoa → wāhi whakamaroke → wāhi whakamaroke peita UV → wāhi whakamatao → wāhi tā mata → wāhi tirotiro kounga → wāhi whiwhi.
Hei whakaatu i te pai o te mahi a te awheawhe kore-puehu mō ngā takai kai, me whakaatu kei te tutuki i a ia ngā whakaritenga o ngā paearu e whai ake nei:
① He nui te nui o te hau e tukuna ana i roto i te awheawhe kore-puehu mō te whakakōkī, te whakakore rānei i te parahanga e puta ana i roto i te whare.
② Ka rere te hau i roto i te awheawhe kore-pūehu mō ngā takai kai mai i te wāhi ma ki te wāhi kāore i te tino ma, ka whakaitihia te rere o te hau poke, ā, ka tika te ahunga rere o te hau i te tatau me roto i te whare o roto.
③ Kāore te hau e pupū ake ana i roto i te awheawhe kore-pūehu mō ngā takai kai e whakanui ake i te parahanga o roto.
④ Mā te āhua o te nekehanga o te hau o roto i te awheawhe kore-puehu mō ngā takai kai ka taea te whakarite kia kore he wāhi kohikohi nui-kukū i roto i te rūma kati. Mena ka tutuki i te rūma ma ngā whakaritenga o runga ake nei, ka taea te ine i tōna kukū matūriki, tōna kukū moroiti rānei (mēnā e tika ana) hei whakatau kei te tutuki i ngā paerewa rūma ma kua tohua.
Te umanga takai kai:
1. Te rahinga o te hau me te putanga hau: Mena he rūma ma e pōrearea ana, me ine te rahinga o te hau me te putanga hau. Mena he rūma ma e kotahi te ahunga, me ine te tere o te hau.
2. Te whakahaere i te rere o te hau i waenga i ngā rohe: Hei whakamatau i te tika o te ahunga o te rere o te hau i waenga i ngā rohe, arā, e rere ana mai i te wāhi ma ki te wāhi kāore i te tino ma, me whakamātautau:
① He tika te rerekētanga pēhanga i waenga i ia rohe;
② He tika te ahunga o te hau i te tatau, i ngā whakatuwheratanga rānei o te pakitara, o te papa, me ērā atu mea, arā, ka rere mai i te wāhi ma ki te wāhi kāore i te ma.
3. Te kimi turuturu o te tātari: Me tirotirohia te tātari tino whai hua me tōna anga o waho kia kore ai e puta ngā poke iri i roto i:
① Tātari pakaru;
② Te āputa i waenganui i te tātari me tōna anga o waho;
③ Ka whakaekea e ētahi atu wāhanga o te taputapu tātari te rūma.
4. Te kimi turuturu wehewehe: Ko tēnei whakamātautau hei whakamatau kāore ngā poke iri e uru ki ngā rauemi hanga, kāore hoki e uru ki te rūma ma.
5. Te whakahaere hau o roto: Ko te momo whakamātautau whakahaere hau e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tauira hau o te rūma ma - ahakoa he pōrearea, he taha kotahi rānei. Mena he pōrearea te hau o te rūma ma, me manatoko kāore he wāhi i roto i te rūma kāore e ranea te hau. Mena he rūma ma kotahi te taha, me manatoko kei te tutuki te tere o te hau me te ahunga o te rūma katoa i ngā whakaritenga hoahoa.
6. Te kukū matūriki whakatārewatia me te kukū moroiti: Mena ka tutuki ngā whakaritenga i runga ake nei, ka inehia te kukū matūriki me te kukū moroiti (inā tika) hei manatoko kei te tutuki i a rātou ngā whakaritenga hangarau o te hoahoa rūma ma.
7. Ētahi atu whakamātautau: Haunga ngā whakamātautau whakahaere parahanga o runga ake nei, me mahi i ētahi wā tētahi, neke atu rānei o ēnei whakamātautau: te pāmahana; te haumākū whanaunga; te kaha whakamahana me te whakamatao o roto; te uara haruru; te māramatanga; te uara wiri.
Te umanga takai rongoā:
1. Ngā whakaritenga whakahaere taiao:
① Whakaratohia te taumata purenga hau e hiahiatia ana mō te whakaputanga. Me whakamātautau tonu, me tuhi hoki te maha o ngā matūriki puehu hau me ngā moroiti ora i roto i te kaupapa purenga awheawhe takai. Me pupuri te rerekētanga pēhanga pumau i waenga i ngā awheawhe takai o ngā taumata rerekē i roto i te uara kua tohua.
② Me rite te pāmahana me te haumākū o te kaupapa purenga awheawhe takai ki ngā whakaritenga o tana tukanga whakaputa.
③ Me whai pūnaha hauhautanga motuhake te wāhi whakaputa penicillin, ngā rongoā tino pāwera me ngā rongoā ārai-pukupuku, ā, me purea te hau putanga.
④ Mō ngā rūma e puta ai te puehu, me tāuta he taputapu kohikohi puehu whai hua hei ārai i te whakawhiti o te puehu.
⑤ Mō ngā rūma whakaputa āwhina pēnei i te rokiroki, me rite ngā whakaurunga hauhautanga me te pāmahana me te haumākū ki ngā whakaritenga o te whakaputanga me te takai rongoā.
2. Te whakarōpūtanga o te ma me te auau o te hauhautanga: Me tino aro turuki te rūma ma i te ma o te hau, me ngā tawhā pēnei i te pāmahana taiao, te haumākū, te rahinga o te hau hou me te rerekētanga o te pēhanga.
① Te taumata purenga me te auau o te hau o te awheawhe hanga me te takai rongoā Kua wehea te ma o te hau o te kaupapa purenga o te awheawhe hanga me te takai rongoā kia whā ngā taumata: akomanga 100, akomanga 10,000, akomanga 100,000 me te akomanga 300,000. Hei whakatau i te auau o te hau o te rūma ma, me whakataurite te rōrahi hau o ia taonga, ka tangohia te uara mōrahi. I roto i te mahi, ko te auau o te hau o te akomanga 100 he 300-400 ngā wā/h, ko te akomanga 10,000 he 25-35 ngā wā/h, ā, ko te akomanga 100,000 he 15-20 ngā wā/h.
② Te whakarōpūtanga o te kaupapa horoi rūma o te awheawhe takai rongoā. Ko te whakarōpūtanga motuhake o te horoi o te taiao hanga me te takai rongoā e hangai ana ki te paerewa horoi paerewa ā-motu.
③ Te whakatau i ētahi atu tawhā taiao o te kaupapa rūma ma o te awheawhe tākai.
④ Te pāmahana me te haumākū o te kaupapa rūma ma o te awheawhe tākai. Me rite te pāmahana me te haumākū whanaunga o te rūma ma ki te tukanga whakaputa rongoā. Te pāmahana: 20~23℃ (raumati) mō te horoi o te akomanga 100 me te akomanga 10,000, 24~26℃ mō te horoi o te akomanga 100,000 me te akomanga 300,000, 26~27℃ mō ngā wāhi whānui. Ko te horoi o te akomanga 100 me te 10,000 he rūma parakore. Te haumākū whanaunga: 45-50% (raumati) mō ngā rongoā hygroscopic, 50%~55% mō ngā whakaritenga totoka pērā i ngā papa, 55%~65% mō ngā werohanga wai me ngā wai ā-waha.
⑤ Te pēhanga o roto i te rūma ma, me pupuri tonu te pēhanga pai i roto. Mō ngā rūma ma e whakaputa puehu ana, ngā matū kino, me te whakaputa rongoā mate pāwera momo penicillin, me ārai te parahanga o waho, me pupuri rānei te pēhanga kino i waenga i ngā wāhi. Te pēhanga pumau o ngā rūma me ngā taumata horoi rerekē. Me pupuri tonu te pēhanga o roto i te pai, me te rerekētanga neke atu i te 5Pa mai i te rūma tata, ā, me nui ake te rerekētanga pēhanga pumau i waenga i te rūma ma me te āhuarangi o waho i te 10Pa.
Ahumahi kai:
Ko te kai te mea nui e hiahiatia ana e te tangata, ā, mai i te waha ngā mate, nō reira he mea nui te haumaru me te akuaku o te umanga kai i roto i tō tātou oranga o ia rā. Me whakahaere te haumaru me te akuaku o te kai i roto i ngā āhuatanga e toru: tuatahi, ko te whakahaere paerewa o ngā kaimahi whakaputa; tuarua, ko te whakahaere i te parahanga taiao o waho (me whakatū he wāhi mahi ma). Tuatoru, me noho kore he rauemi mata hua raruraru i te pūtake hoko.
Kua whakaritea te wāhi o te awheawhe whakaputa kai ki te wāhi whakaputa, me te whakatakotoranga whaitake me te rerenga wai maeneene; he mea hanga te papa o te awheawhe ki ngā rauemi kore-paheke, kaha, kore-uru, ā, he ātete-waikura, ā, he papatahi, kāore he wai e kohia ana, ā, he ma tonu; ko te putanga o te awheawhe me ngā wāhi rerenga wai me te hauhautanga e hono ana ki te ao o waho he mea whakarite ki ngā whare ārai-kiore, ārai-rere me ngā pepeke. Me hanga ngā pakitara, ngā tuanui, ngā tatau me ngā matapihi o te awheawhe ki ngā rauemi kore-paitini, mārama te tae, ātete-wai, ātete-haehae, kore-makuku me te ngāwari ki te horoi. Me whai pewa ngā kokonga o ngā pakitara, ngā kokonga whenua me ngā kokonga o runga (kaua e iti iho i te 3cm te whānui o te piko). Me hanga ngā tēpu mahi, ngā whitiki kawe, ngā waka kawe me ngā taputapu o te awheawhe ki ngā rauemi kore-paitini, ātete-waikura, kore-waikura, ngāwari ki te horoi me te patu huakita, me ngā rauemi totoka. Me whakarite he nui ngā taputapu horoi ringa, patu huakita me te whakamaroke ringa ki ngā wāhi tika, ā, me whakamahi ngā pūwhakakā kore-ā-ringa i ngā taputapu horoi ringa, patu huakita me te whakamaroke ringa. E ai ki ngā hiahia o te tukatuka hua, me whai wāhi patu huakita mō ngā hu, ngā pūtu me ngā wira i te tomokanga o te awheawhe. Me whai rūma whakakakahu e hono ana ki te awheawhe. E ai ki ngā hiahia o te tukatuka hua, me whakarite hoki he wharepaku me he rūma kaukau e hono ana ki te awheawhe.
Ngā taputapu hikohiko:
Ko te rūma ma mō ngā hua hikohiko he mea pai mō ngā taputapu hiko, ngā rorohiko, ngā wheketere haurua-ira, te ahumahi motuka, te ahumahi rererangi, te whakaahua-ipurangi, te hanga rorohiko iti me ētahi atu ahumahi. Haunga te horoinga o te hau, me whakarite hoki kia tutukihia ngā whakaritenga mō te tango hiko pateko. Ko te mea e whai ake nei he kupu whakataki ki te awheawhe purenga kore-puehu i roto i te ahumahi hikohikohiko, me te tango i te ahumahi LED hou hei tauira.
Te tāutanga kaupapa awheawhe rūma ma LED me te tātari take hanga: I roto i tēnei hoahoa, e pā ana ki te tāutanga o ētahi awheawhe kore-puehu purenga mō ngā tukanga whakamutunga, ā, ko tōna horoinga he akomanga 1,000, akomanga 10,000, akomanga 100,000 rānei. Ko te tāutanga o ngā awheawhe rūma ma mata whakamārama he mea nui mō ngā awheawhe tā, te huihuinga me ētahi atu awheawhe rūma ma mō aua hua, ā, ko tōna horoinga he akomanga 10,000, akomanga 100,000 rānei. Ngā whakaritenga tawhā hau o roto mō te tāutanga awheawhe rūma ma LED:
1. Ngā whakaritenga pāmahana me te haumākū: Ko te pāmahana i te nuinga o te wā he 24±2℃, ā, ko te haumākū whanaunga he 55±5%.
2. Te nui o te hau hou: Nā te mea he tokomaha ngā tāngata kei roto i tēnei momo awheawhe ma, kore-pūehu, me tango ngā uara mōrahi e whai ake nei i runga i ngā uara e whai ake nei: 10-30% o te nui katoa o te hau e tukuna ana i roto i te awheawhe rūma ma kāore i te kotahi te ahunga; te nui o te hau hou e hiahiatia ana hei utu mō te hau e puta ana i roto i te whare, me te pupuri i te uara pēhanga pai o roto; me whakarite kia ≥40m3/h te nui o te hau hou o roto mō ia tangata ia hāora.
3. Te nui o te hau e tukuna ana. Hei whakatutuki i te taurite o te ma me te wera me te haumākū i roto i te awheawhe rūma ma, me nui te hau e tukuna ana. Mō te awheawhe he 300 mita pūrua me te teitei o te tuanui he 2.5 mita, mēnā he awheawhe rūma ma akomanga 10,000, me 300*2.5*30=22500m3/h te nui o te hau e tukuna ana (≥25 ngā wā/h te auau whakawhiti hau); mēnā he awheawhe rūma ma akomanga 100,000, me 300*2.5*20=15000m3/h te nui o te hau e tukuna ana (≥15 ngā wā/h te auau whakawhiti hau).
Hauora me te hauora:
Ko te hangarau ma, e kiia ana hoki ko te hangarau rūma ma. Haunga te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga tuku iho o te pāmahana me te haumākū i roto i ngā rūma hauhautanga, he maha ngā whare hangarau me ngā whare hangarau me te whakahaere pakari e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere i te ihirangi matūriki o roto, te rere o te hau, te pēhanga, me ētahi atu i roto i tētahi whānuitanga. Ka kiia tēnei momo rūma he rūma ma. Ka hangaia, ka whakamahia hoki he rūma ma i roto i te hōhipera. I te whanaketanga o te tiaki hauora me te hangarau teitei, kua whānuitia te whakamahinga o te hangarau ma i roto i ngā taiao hauora, ā, kua teitei ake hoki ngā whakaritenga hangarau mōna ake. Ko ngā rūma ma e whakamahia ana i roto i te maimoatanga hauora, e toru ngā wāhanga matua: ngā rūma pokanga ma, ngā wāhanga tiaki nēhi ma, me ngā taiwhanga ma.
Rūma pokanga tauira:
Ka whakamahia e te rūma pokanga tauira ngā moroiti o roto hei whāinga whakahaere, hei tawhā whakahaere me ngā tohu whakarōpū, ā, he mea nui te ma o te hau. Ka taea te wehewehe i te rūma pokanga tauira ki ngā taumata e whai ake nei, i runga i te nui o te ma:
1. Rūma pokanga motuhake: Ko te ma o te wāhi pokanga he akomanga 100, ā, ko te rohe e karapoti ana he akomanga 1,000. He pai mō ngā pokanga ārai mate pēnei i te wera, te hurihanga hononga, te whakawhitinga okana, te pokanga roro, te ophthalmology, te pokanga kirihou me te pokanga ngākau.
2. Rūma pokanga tauira: Ko te ma o te wāhi pokanga he akomanga 1000, ā, ko te rohe e karapoti ana he akomanga 10,000. He pai mō ngā pokanga ārai mate pēnei i te pokanga uma, te pokanga kirihou, te mimi, te pokanga hepatobiliary me te repeure, te pokanga wheua me te tango hua manu.
3. Rūma pokanga whānui: Ko te ma o te wāhi pokanga he akomanga 10,000, ā, ko te rohe e karapoti ana he akomanga 100,000. He pai mō te pokanga whānui, te rongoā kiri me te pokanga puku.
4. Rūma pokanga ā-pūrere ma: Ko te ma o te hau he akomanga 100,000, e tika ana mō te mahi whānau, te pokanga anorectal me ētahi atu pokanga. Haunga te taumata ma me te kukū o ngā huakita o te rūma pokanga ma, me tutuki hoki ngā tawhā hangarau e tika ana ki ngā ture e tika ana. Tirohia te ripanga tawhā hangarau matua o ngā rūma i ngā taumata katoa o te tari pokanga ma. Me wehe te whakatakotoranga papatahi o te rūma pokanga ā-pūrere kia rua ngā wāhanga: te wāhi ma me te wāhi kāore i te ma e ai ki ngā whakaritenga whānui. Ko te rūma pokanga me ngā rūma mahi e mahi tika ana ki te rūma pokanga me noho ki te wāhi ma. Ina haere te tangata me ngā taonga i roto i ngā wāhi ma rerekē i roto i te rūma pokanga ā-pūrere, me tāuta he raka hau, he rūma ārai, he pouaka uru rānei. Ko te rūma pokanga te nuinga o te wā kei te wāhanga matua. Ko te papatahi o roto me te āhua o te awa me rite ki ngā mātāpono o te rere mahi me te wehewehe mārama i waenga i te ma me te paru.
He maha ngā momo wāhanga tiaki kaumātua ma i te hōhipera:
Kua wehea ngā wāhanga tiaki kaumātua ma ki ngā wāhanga motuhake me ngā wāhanga tiaki nui. E whā ngā taumata o ngā wāhanga motuhake e ai ki te mōrearea koiora: P1, P2, P3, me P4. He rite tonu ngā wāhanga P1 ki ngā wāhanga noa, ā, kāore he aukati motuhake mō te hunga o waho ki te tomo me te puta; he kaha ake ngā wāhanga P2 i ngā wāhanga P1, ā, ko te tikanga he aukati i te hunga o waho ki te tomo me te puta; kua wehea ngā wāhanga P3 mai i waho mā roto i ngā tatau taumaha, i ngā rūma ārai rānei, ā, he kino te pēhanga o roto o te rūma; kua wehea ngā wāhanga P4 mai i waho mā roto i ngā wāhi motuhake, ā, he pumau te pēhanga kino o roto i te 30Pa. He kākahu tiaki ā-ringa ā ngā kaimahi hauora hei ārai i te mate. Kei roto i ngā wāhanga tiaki nui ko te ICU (wāhanga tiaki nui), te CCU (wāhanga tiaki tūroro ngākau), te NICU (wāhanga tiaki pēpi i mua i te whānautanga), te rūma leukemia, me ētahi atu. Ko te pāmahana o te rūma leukemia he 242, ko te tere o te hau he 0.15-0.3/m/s, ko te haumākū whanaunga kei raro iho i te 60%, ā, ko te ma o te akomanga 100. I taua wā anō, ko te hau ma rawa atu me tae tuatahi ki te mahunga o te tūroro, kia noho te wāhi manawa o te waha me te ihu ki te taha tuku hau, ā, kia pai ake te rere whakapae. Ko te ine i te kukū huakita i roto i te wāhanga wera e whakaatu ana he pai ake te whakamahinga o te rere laminar poutū i te maimoatanga tuwhera, me te tere werohanga laminar o te 0.2m/s, te pāmahana o te 28-34, me te taumata ma o te akomanga 1000. He onge ngā wāhanga manawa o ngā whekau i Haina. He tino kaha ngā whakaritenga a tēnei momo wāhanga mō te pāmahana me te haumākū o roto. Ka whakahaerehia te pāmahana i te 23-30℃, ko te haumākū whanaunga he 40-60%, ā, ka taea te whakarite i ia wāhanga kia rite ki ngā hiahia o te tūroro. Ka whakahaerehia te taumata horoi i waenga i te akomanga 10 me te akomanga 10000, ā, ko te haruru he iti iho i te 45dB (A). Ko ngā tāngata e tomo ana ki te wāhanga me horoi ā-tinana pērā i te whakawhiti kākahu me te kaukau, ā, me pupuri tonu te pēhanga pai e te wāhanga.
Taiwhanga:
Kua wehea ngā taiwhanga ki ngā taiwhanga noa me ngā taiwhanga haumaru koiora. Kāore ngā whakamātautau e mahia ana i roto i ngā taiwhanga ma noa e pangia ana e te mate, engari me kore e pā kino te taiao ki te whakamātautau tonu. Nō reira, kāore he whare tiaki i roto i te taiwhanga, ā, me tutuki te ma o ngā whakaritenga whakamātautau.
He whakamātautau koiora te taiwhanga haumaru koiora me ngā whare tiaki tuatahi ka taea te whakatutuki i te tiaki tuarua. Ko ngā whakamātautau pūtaiao katoa i roto i ngā mara o te moroiti koiora, te rongoā koiora, ngā whakamātautau mahi, me te whakakotahitanga ira me whai taiwhanga haumaru koiora. Ko te uho o ngā taiwhanga haumaru koiora ko te haumaru, e wehea ana kia whā ngā taumata: P1, P2, P3, me P4 e ai ki te nui o te tūponotanga koiora.
He pai ngā taiwhanga P1 mō ngā mate urutā tino mōhiotia, kāore e maha ngā wā ka pāngia e ngā pakeke hauora, ā, he iti noa te tūponotanga ki ngā kaimahi whakamātautau me te taiao. Me kati te tatau i te wā o te whakamātautau, ā, me whakahaere te mahi i runga i ngā whakamātautau moroiti noa; he pai ngā taiwhanga P2 mō ngā mate urutā he āhua kino pea ki te tangata me te taiao. He here te urunga ki te wāhi whakamātautau. Ko ngā whakamātautau ka puta he hau i roto i ngā kāpata haumaru koiora Akomanga II, ā, me wātea ngā autoclave; ka whakamahia ngā taiwhanga P3 i roto i ngā whare haumanu, tātaritanga, whakaako, whakaputa rānei. Ka mahia ngā mahi e pā ana ki ngā mate urutā taketake me ngā mate urutā o waho i tēnei taumata. Ko te pānga me te manawa o ngā mate urutā ka puta he mate kino, ka mate pea. He tatau takirua, he raka hau rānei kei roto i te taiwhanga, me tētahi wāhi whakamātautau motuhake o waho. Kāore e whakaaetia te tomo ki roto i te hunga ehara i te kaimahi. He pēhanga kino katoa te taiwhanga. Ka whakamahia ngā kāpata haumaru koiora Akomanga II mō ngā whakamātautau. Ka whakamahia ngā tātari Hepa hei tātari i te hau o roto, hei whakaputa atu ki waho. He kaha ake ngā whakaritenga a ngā taiwhanga P4 i ngā taiwhanga P3. He nui te mōrearea o ētahi mate kino o waho ki te pangia e te mate taiwhanga me ngā mate morearea e puta mai ana i te tuku hau. Me mahi ngā mahi e tika ana i roto i ngā taiwhanga P4. Ka whakamahia he hanganga o tētahi wāhi wehe motuhake i roto i tētahi whare me tētahi ārai o waho. Ka mau tonu te pēhanga kino i roto i te whare. Ka whakamahia ngā kāpata haumaru koiora Akomanga III mō ngā whakamātautau. Kua whakaritea ngā taputapu ārai hau me ngā rūma kaukau. Me mau ngā kaiwhakahaere i ngā kākahu tiaki. Kāore e whakaaetia kia tomo mai ngā kaimahi ehara i te mema. Ko te kaupapa matua o te hoahoa o ngā taiwhanga haumaru koiora ko te wehe hihiri, ā, ko ngā mahi whakaputa hau te arotahi. Ka whakanuia te patu huakita i te papaanga, ā, ka arohia te wehenga o te wai ma me te wai paru hei ārai i te horapa tūpono. Me horoi pai.
Wā tuku: Hurae-26-2024